Methods for the early diagnosis of ovarian cancer

ABSTRACT

The disclosed nucleic acid primer sets, used in combination with quantitative amplification (PCR) of tissue cDNA, can indicate the presence of specific proteases in a tissue sample. Specifically, the present invention relates to expression of PUMP-1 protease (matrix metalloprotease 7). The detected proteases are themselves specifically over-expressed in certain cancers, and their presence may serve for early detection of associated ovarian and other malignancies, and for the design of interactive therapies for cancer treatment.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This is a continuation-in-part application of U.S. Ser. No. 10/172,597, filed Jun. 14, 2002, which claims the benefit of priority under 35 USC §120 of U.S. Ser. No. 09/835,948, filed Apr. 16, 2001, which is a divisional application of U.S. Pat. No. 6,316,213, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Pat. No. 6,303,318, which claims benefit of provisional patent application U.S. Ser. No. 60/041,404, filed Mar. 19, 1997, now abandoned.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

Generally, the present invention relates to the fields of molecular biology and medicine. More specifically, the present invention relates to cancer research and diagnosis.

2. Background of the Invention

In order for malignant cells to grow, spread or metastasize, they must have the capacity to invade local host tissue, dissociate or shed from the primary tumor, enter and survive in the bloodstream, implant by invasion into the surface of the target organ and establish an environment conducive for new colony growth (including the induction of angiogenic and growth factors). During this progression, natural tissue barriers such as basement membranes and connective tissue have to be degraded. These barriers include collagen, laminin, fibronectin, proteoglycans and extracellular matrix glycoproteins. Degradation of these natural barriers, both those surrounding the primary tumor and at the sites of metastatic invasion, is believed to be brought about by the action of a matrix of extracellular proteases.

Proteases have been classified into four families: serine proteases, metallo-proteases, aspartic proteases and cysteine proteases. Many proteases have been shown to be involved in human disease processes and these enzymes are targets for the development of inhibitors as new therapeutic agents. Certain individual proteases are induced and overexpressed in a diverse group of cancers, and as such, are potential candidates for markers of early diagnosis and targets for possible therapeutic intervention. A group of examples are shown in Table 1.

There is a good body of evidence supporting the down regulation or inhibition of individual proteases and the reduction in invasive capacity or malignancy. In work by Clark et al., inhibition of in vitro growth of human small cell lung cancer was demonstrated using a general serine protease inhibitor. More recently, Torres-Rosedo et al., [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 90: 7181-7185 (1993)] demonstrated an inhibition of hepatoma tumor cell growth using specific antisense inhibitors for the serine protease hepsin gene. Metastatic potential of melanoma cells has also been shown to be reduced in a mouse model using a synthetic inhibitor (batimastat) of metallo-proteases. Powell et al. [Cancer Research, 53: 417-422 (1993)] presented evidence to confirm that the expression of extracellular proteases in a non-metastatic prostate cancer cell line enhances their malignant progression. Specifically, enhanced metastasis was demonstrated after introducing and expressing the PUMP-1 metallo-protease gene. There is also a body of data to support the notion that expression of cell surface proteases on relatively non-metastatic cell types increases the invasive potential of such cells.

To date, ovarian cancer remains the number one killer of women with gynecologic malignant hyperplasia. Approximately 75% of women diagnosed with such cancers are already at an advanced stage (III and IV) of the disease at their initial diagnosis. During the past 20 years, neither diagnosis nor five-year survival rates have greatly improved for these patients. This is substantially due to the high percentage of high-stage initial detection of the disease. Therefore, the challenge remains to develop new markers that improve early diagnosis and thereby reduce the percentage of high-stage initial diagnoses. The ability to disengage from one tissue and re-engage the surface of another tissue is what provides for the morbidity and mortality associated with this disease. Therefore, extracellular proteases may be good candidates for markers of malignant ovarian hyperplasia.

Thus, the prior art is deficient in a tumor marker useful as an indicator of early disease, particularly for ovarian cancers. The present invention fulfills this long-standing need and desire in the art. TABLE 1 Known proteases expressed in various cancers Gastric Brain Breast Ovarian Serine uPA uPA NES-1 NES-1 Proteases: PAI-1 PAI-1 uPA uPA tPA PAI-2 Cysteine Cathepsin B Cathepsin L Cathepsin B Cathepsin B Proteases: Cathepsin L Cathepsin L Cathepsin L Metallo- Matrilysin* Matrilysin Stromelysin-3 MMP-2 proteases: Collagenase* Stromelysin MMP-8 Stromelysin-I* Gelatinase B MMP-9 Gelatinase A uPA, Urokinase-type plasminogen activator; tPA, Tissue-type plasminogen activator; PAI-I, Plasminogen activator 0 inhibitors; PAI-2, Plasminogen activator inhibitors; NES-1, Normal epithelial cell-specific-1; MMP, Matrix P metallo-protease. *Overexpressed in gastrointestinal ulcers.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

This invention allows for the detection of cancer, especially ovarian cancer, by screening for PUMP-1 (matrix metalloprotease 7) mRNA in tissue. PUMP-1 protease is shown herein to be specifically associated with the surface of 80 percent of ovarian and other tumors. Proteases are considered to be an integral part of tumor growth and metastasis, and therefore, markers indicative of their presence or absence are useful for the diagnosis of cancer. Furthermore, the present invention is useful for treatment (i.e., by inhibiting PUMP-1 or expression of PUMP-1), for targeted therapy, for vaccination, etc.

In one embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a method for detecting malignant hyperplasia in a biological sample by detecting PUMP-1 mRNA in the sample. The presence of the PUMP-1 mRNA in the sample is indicative of the presence of malignant hyperplasia, and the absence of the PUMP-1 mRNA in the sample is indicative of the absence of malignant hyperplasia.

In another embodiment, there are provided methods of inhibiting expression of PUMP-1 in a cell by introducing into a cell a vector encoding an antisense PUMP-1 mRNA or an antibody that binds the PUMP-1 protein.

In yet another embodiment, there is provided a method of targeted therapy to an individual, comprising the step of administering a compound to an individual, wherein the compound has a targeting moiety and a therapeutic moiety, wherein the targeting moiety is specific for PUMP-1.

In still yet another embodiment, there are provided methods of vaccinating an individual against PUMP-1 or produce immune-activated cells directed toward PUMP-1 by inoculating an individual with a PUMP-1 protein or fragment thereof.

In another embodiment, there are provided compositions comprising an oligonucleotide having a sequence complementary to SEQ ID No.29. Also embodied is a method of treating a neoplastic state in an individual in need of such treatment with an effective dose of the above-described oligonucleotide.

In another embodiment, there is provided a method of screening for compounds that inhibit PUMP-1 activity, comprising the steps of contacting a sample with a compound, wherein the sample comprises PUMP-1 protein; and assaying for PUMP-1 protease activity. A decrease in the PUMP-1 protease activity in the presence of the compound relative to PUMP-1 protease activity in the absence of the compound is indicative of a compound that inhibits PUMP-1 activity.

Other and further aspects, features, and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the following description of the presently preferred embodiments of the invention. These embodiments are given for the purpose of disclosure.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows agarose gel comparison of PCR products derived from normal and carcinoma cDNA.

FIG. 2 shows Northern blot analysis of ovarian tumors using hepsin, SCCE, PUMP-1, TADG-14 and β-tubulin probes.

FIG. 3 shows amplification with serine protease redundant primers: histidine sense (S1) with aspartic acid antisense (AS1), using normal cDNA (Lane 1) and tumor cDNA (Lane 2); and histidine sense (S1) with serine antisense (AS2), using normal cDNA (Lane 3) and tumor cDNA (Lane 4).

FIG. 4 shows amplification with cysteine protease redundant primers. Normal (Lane 1), low malignant potential (Lane 2), serious carcinoma (Lane 3), mucinous carcinoma (Lane 4), and clear cell carcinoma (Lane 5).

FIG. 5 shows amplification with metallo-protease redundant primers. Normal (Lane 1), low malignant potential (Lane 2), serious carcinoma (Lane 3), mucinous carcinoma (Lane 4), and clear cell carcinoma (Lane 5).

FIG. 6 shows amplification with specific primers directed towards the serine protease, hepsin. Expression in normal (Lanes 1-3), low malignant potential tumors (Lanes 4-8), and ovarian carcinomas (Lanes 9-12).

FIG. 7 shows hepsin expression levels in normal, low malignant potential tumors, and ovarian carcinomas. S=serious, M=mucinous, LMP=low malignant potential.

FIG. 8 shows serine protease stratum corneum chymotrypsin enzyme (SCCE) expression in normal, low malignant potential tumors, and ovarian carcinomas.

FIG. 9 shows metallo-protease PUMP-1 (MMP-7) gene expression in normal (lanes 1-2) and ovarian carcinomas tissue (Lanes 3-10).

FIG. 10 shows Northern blot analysis of hepsin expression in normal ovary and ovarian carcinomas. (FIG. 10A), lane 1, normal ovary (case 10); lane 2, serous carcinoma (case 35); lane 3, mucinous carcinoma (case 48); lane 4, endometrioid carcinoma (case 51); and lane 5, clear cell carcinoma (case 54). In cases 35, 51 and 54, more than a 10-fold increase in the hepsin 1.8 kb transcript abundance was observed. Northern blot analysis of hepsin in normal human fetal (FIG. 10B) and adult tissues (FIG. 10C). Significant overexpression of the hepsin transcript is noted in both fetal liver and fetal kidney. Notably, hepsin overexpression is not observed in normal adult tissue. Slight expression above the background level is observed in the adult prostate.

FIG. 11 shows hepsin expression in normal (N), mucinous (M) and serous (S) low malignant potential (LMP) tumors and carcinomas (CA). FIG. 11A shows quantitative PCR of hepsin and internal control β-tubulin. FIG. 11B shows a bar graph of expression of hepsin in 10 normal ovaries and 44 ovarian carcinoma samples.

FIG. 12 shows northern blot analysis of mRNA expression of the SCCE gene in fetal tissue (FIG. 12A) and in ovarian tissue (FIG. 12B).

FIG. 13A shows a comparison of quantitative PCR of cDNA from normal ovary and ovarian carcinomas. FIG. 13B shows a bar graph comparing the ratio of SCCE to β-tubulin in 10 normal and 44 ovarian carcinoma tissues.

FIG. 14 shows a comparison by quantitative PCR of normal and ovarian carcinoma expression of mRNA for protease M.

FIG. 15 shows the TADG-12 catalytic domain including an insert near the His 5′-end.

FIG. 16 shows northern blot analysis comparing TADG-14 expression in normal and ovarian carcinoma tissues (FIG. 16A), and preliminary quantitative PCR amplification of normal and carcinoma cDNAs using specific primers for TADG-14 (FIG. 16B).

FIG. 17A shows Northern blot analysis of PUMP-1 mRNA from normal ovary and ovarian carcinomas. Lane 1, normal ovary; lane 2, serous carcinoma; lane 3, mucinous carcinoma; lane 4, endometrioid carcinoma; lane 5, clear cell carcinoma. PUMP-1 transcripts are detected only in carcinoma cases (lanes 2-5). FIG. 17B shows that among normal human fetal tissues, fetal lung and fetal kidney show increased transcript. FIG. 17C shows that PUMP-1 overexpression is not observed in normal human adult tissues. Slight expression above the background level is observed in the prostate.

FIG. 18A shows quantitative PCR analysis of PUMP-1 expression. Cases 3, 4 an d9 are normal ovaries. Cases 19, 21, 14, 15 and 16 are LMP tumors. Cases 43, 23, 36 and 37 are ovarian carcinomas. Expression levels of PUMP-1 relative to β-tubulin are significantly elevated in 8 or 9 tumor cases compared to that or normal ovaries. FIG. 18B shows the ratio of mRNA expression of PUMP-1 compared to the internal control β-tubulin in 10 normal and 44 ovarian carcinomas.

FIG. 19 shows the ratio of PUMP-1 expression to expression of β-tubulin in normal ovary, LMP tumors and ovarian carcinomas. PUMP-1 mRNA expression levels were significantly elevated in LMP tumor (p<0.05) and carcinoma (p<0.0001) compared to that in normal ovary. All 10 samples of individual normal ovary showed low levels of PUMP-1 expression.

FIG. 20 shows immunohistochemical staining of PUMP-1 in normal ovary and ovarian tumor tissues. FIG. 20A shows normal ovarian epithelium shows no PUMP-1 immunoreactivity (×20). FIG. 20B shows intense staining of secretory vessels in mucinous tumors (×20). FIG. 20C shows cytoplasmic staining of PUMP-1 in serous tumors (×20). FIG. 20D shows clear cell tumors (×100). FIG. 20E shows secretion of PUMP-1 to the extracellular environment of endometrioid tumors (×100).

FIG. 21 shows a comparison of PCR amplified products for the hepsin, SCCE, protease M, PUMP-1 and Cathepsin L genes.

FIG. 22 shows CD8⁺ CTL recognition of PUMP-1 208-216 peptide in a 5 hr ⁵¹Cr release assay. Targets were autologous LCL (squares), allogeneic HLA A*0201-positive LCL (diamonds) or allogeneic HLA A*0201-negative LCL (circles) pulsed with 50 ug/ml of peptide. Control (i.e. unpulsed) LCL and K562 cells were not lysed. LCL are Epstein-Barr virus-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines.

FIG. 23 shows CD4⁺ T cell proliferative response to full-length PUMP-1 protein following 5^(th) passage and restimulation with antigen-loaded dendritic cells. T cells were stimulated with control LCL cells treated with DOTAP only (white bar) or LCL cells loaded with antigen plus DOTAP (black bar). Results are presented as stimulation indices.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

This invention identifies PUMP-1 (matrix metalloprotease 7) protease as a marker for ovarian tumor cells. In various combinations with other proteases, PUMP-1 expression is characteristic of individual tumor types. Such information provides the basis for diagnostic tests (assays or immunohistochemistry) and prognostic evaluation (depending on the display pattern). Long-term treatment of tumor growth, invasion and metastasis has not succeeded with existing chemotherapeutic agents. Most tumors become resistant to drugs after multiple cycles of chemotherapy. The present invention identifies PUMP-1 as a new therapeutic intervention target utilizing either antibodies directed at the protease, antisense vehicles for downregulation or protease inhibitors for the design of new drugs.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method for detecting the presence of malignant hyperplasia in a tissue sample. The cancer is detected by analyzing a biological sample for the presence of markers to proteases that are specific indicators of certain types of cancer cells. This object may be accomplished by isolating mRNA from a sample or by detection of proteins by polyclonal or preferably monoclonal antibodies. When using mRNA detection, the method may be carried out by converting the isolated mRNA to cDNA according to standard methods; treating the converted cDNA with amplification reaction reagents (such as cDNA PCR reaction reagents) in a container along with an appropriate mixture of nucleic acid primers selected from the list in Table 2; reacting the contents of the container to produce amplification products; and analyzing the amplification products to detect the presence of malignant hyperplasia markers in the sample. The analyzing step may be accomplished using Northern Blot analysis to detect the presence of malignant hyperplasia markers in the amplification product. Northern Blot analysis is known in the art. The analysis step may be further accomplished by quantitatively detecting the presence of malignant hyperplasia marker in the amplification products, and comparing the quantity of marker detected against a panel of expected values for known presence or absence in normal and malignant tissue derived using similar primers. The present invention also provides various nucleic acid sequences that are useful in the methods disclosed herein. These nucleic acid sequences are listed in Table 2. It is anticipated that these nucleic acid sequences be used in mixtures to accomplish the utility of this invention. The skilled artisan may be able to develop other nucleic acid sequences and mixtures thereof to accomplish the benefit of this invention, but it is advantageous to have the sequences listed in Table 2 available without undue experimentation.

In one embodiment, there is provided a method for detecting malignant hyperplasia in a biological sample, comprising the steps of isolating mRNA from the sample; and detecting PUMP-1 mRNA in the sample. The presence of the PUMP-1 mRNA in the sample is indicative of the presence of malignant hyperplasia, wherein the absence of the PUMP-1 mRNA in the sample is indicative of the absence of malignant hyperplasia. This method may further comprise the step of comparing the PUMP-1 mRNA to reference information, wherein the comparison provides a diagnosis and/or determines a treatment of the malignant hyperplasia. A typical means of detection of PUMP-1 mRNA is by PCR amplification, which, preferably, uses primers shown in SEQ ID No. 16 and SEQ ID No. 17. Representative biological samples are blood, urine, saliva, tears, interstitial fluid, ascites fluid, tumor tissue biopsy and circulating tumor cells.

The present invention is further directed toward a method of inhibiting expression of PUMP-1 in a cell, comprising the step of introducing into a cell a vector comprises a PUMP-1 gene operably linked in opposite orientation to elements necessary for expression, wherein expression of the vector produces PUMP-1 antisense mRNA in the cell. The PUMP-1 antisense mRNA hybridizes to endogenous PUMP-1 mRNA, thereby inhibiting expression of PUMP-1 in the cell.

The present invention is still further directed toward a method of inhibiting a PUMP-1 protein in a cell, comprising the step of introducing an antibody into a cell, wherein the antibody is specific for a PUMP-1 protein or a fragment thereof. Binding of the antibody to PUMP-1 inhibits the PUMP-1 protein. Preferably, the PUMP-1 fragment is a 9-residue fragment up to a 20-residue fragment, and more preferably, the 9-residue fragment is SEQ ID Nos. 30, 31, 32, 33, 50, 51, 70, 110, 111, 150, 151 and 152.

In another embodiment, there is provided a method of targeted therapy to an individual, comprising the step of administering a compound to an individual, wherein the compound has a targeting moiety and a therapeutic moiety, and wherein the targeting moiety is specific for PUMP-1. Preferably, the targeting moiety is an antibody specific for PUMP-1 or a ligand or ligand binding domain that binds PUMP-1. Likewise, the therapeutic moiety is preferably a radioisotope, a toxin, a chemotherapeutic agent, an immune stimulant or cytotoxic agent. Generally, the individual suffers from a disease such as ovarian cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer, colon cancer or another cancer in which hepsin is overexpressed.

The present invention is additionally directed toward a method of vaccinating an individual against PUMP-1, comprising the steps of inoculating an individual with a PUMP-1 protein or fragment thereof. Inoculation with the PUMP-1 protein, or fragment thereof, elicits an immune response in the individual, thereby vaccinating the individual against PUMP-1. Generally, this method is applicable when the individual has cancer, is suspected of having cancer or is at risk of getting cancer. Sequences of preferred PUMP-1 proteins or fragment thereof are shown in SEQ ID Nos. 30, 31, 32, 33, 50, 51, 70, 110, 111, 150, 151 and 152.

In another embodiment, there is provided a method of producing immune-activated cells directed toward PUMP-1, comprising the steps of exposing immune cells to PUMP-1 protein or fragment thereof. Typically, exposure to PUMP-1 protein or fragment thereof activates the immune cells, thereby producing immune-activated cells directed toward PUMP-1. Generally, the immune-activated cells are B-cells, T-cells and/or dendritic cells. Preferably, the PUMP-1 fragment is a 9-residue fragment up to a 20-residue fragment, and more preferably, the 9-residue fragment is SEQ ID Nos. 30, 31, 32, 33, 50, 51, 70, 110, 111, 150, 151 and 152. Oftentimes, the dendritic cells are isolated from an individual prior to exposure and then reintroduced into the individual subsequent to the exposure. Typically, the individual has cancer, is suspected of having cancer or is at risk of getting cancer.

The present invention also provides an oligonucleotide having a sequence complementary to SEQ ID No. 29 or a frgament thereof. The present invention further provides a composition comprising the above-described oligonucleotide and a physiologically acceptable carrier, and a method of treating a neoplastic state in an individual in need of such treatment, comprising the step of administering to the individual an effective dose of the above-described oligonucleotide. Typically, the neoplastic state may be ovarian cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, colon cancer, prostate cancer or another cancer in which PUMP-1 is overexpressed.

The present invention is still further directed toward a method of screening for compounds that inhibit PUMP-1 activity, comprising the steps of contacting a sample with a compound, wherein the sample comprises PUMP-1 protein; and assaying for PUMP-1 protease activity. A decrease in the PUMP-1 protease activity in the presence of the compound relative to PUMP-1 protease activity in the absence of the compound is indicative of a compound that inhibits PUMP-1 activity.

It will be apparent to one skilled in the art that various substitutions and modifications may be made to the invention disclosed herein without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention.

In accordance with the present invention there may be employed conventional molecular biology, microbiology, and recombinant DNA techniques within the skill of the art. Such techniques are explained fully in the literature. See, e.g., Maniatis, Fritsch & Sambrook, “Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (1982); “DNA Cloning: A Practical Approach,” Volumes I and II (D. N. Glover ed. 1985); “Oligonucleotide Synthesis” (M. J. Gait ed. 1984); “Nucleic Acid Hybridization” (B. D. Hames & S. J. Higgins eds. 1985); “Transcription and Translation” (B. D. Hames & S. J. Higgins eds. 1984); “Animal Cell Culture” (R. I. Freshney, ed. 1986); “Immobilized Cells And Enzymes” (IRL Press, 1986); B. Perbal, “A Practical Guide To Molecular Cloning” (1984).

Therefore, if appearing herein, the following terms shall have the definitions set out below.

As used herein, the term “cDNA” shall refer to the DNA copy of the mRNA transcript of a gene.

As used herein, the term “PCR” refers to the polymerase chain reaction that is the subject of U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,683,195 and 4,683,202 to Mullis, as well as other improvements now known in the art.

The present invention comprises a vector comprising a DNA sequence which encodes a PUMP-1 protein, wherein said vector is capable of replication in a host, and comprises, in operable linkage: a) an origin of replication; b) a promoter; and c) a DNA sequence coding for said PUMP-1 protein. Preferably, the vector of the present invention contains a portion of the DNA sequence shown in SEQ ID No. 28 or 29. Vectors may be used to amplify and/or express nucleic acid encoding a PUMP-1 protein, a fragment of PUMP-1 protein, or an antisense PUMP-1 mRNA.

An expression vector is a replicable construct in which a nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide is operably linked to suitable control sequences capable of effecting expression of the polypeptide in a cell. The need for such control sequences will vary depending upon the cell selected and the transformation method chosen. Generally, control sequences include a transcriptional promoter and/or enhancer, suitable mRNA ribosomal binding sites and sequences which control the termination of transcription and translation. Methods which are well known to those skilled in the art can be used to construct expression vectors containing appropriate transcriptional and translational control signals. See, for example, techniques described in Sambrook et al., 1989, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (2nd Ed.), Cold Spring Harbor Press, N.Y. A gene and its transcription control sequences are defined as being “operably linked” if the transcription control sequences effectively control transcription of the gene. Vectors of the invention include, but are not limited to, plasmid vectors and viral vectors. Preferred viral vectors of the invention are those derived from retroviruses, adenovirus, adeno-associated virus, SV40 virus, or herpes viruses.

As used herein, the term “host” is meant to include not only prokaryotes but also eukaryotes such as yeast, plant and animal cells. A recombinant DNA molecule or gene which encodes a human PUMP-1 protein of the present invention can be used to transform a host using any of the techniques commonly known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Especially preferred is the use of a vector containing coding sequences for the gene which encodes a human PUMP-1 protein of the present invention for purposes of prokaryote transformation. Prokaryotic hosts may include E. coli, S. tymphimurium, Serratia marcescens and Bacillus subtilis. Eukaryotic hosts include yeasts such as Pichia pastoris, mammalian cells and insect cells.

The term “oligonucleotide”, as used herein, is defined as a molecule comprised of two or more ribonucleotides, preferably more than three. Its exact size will depend upon many factors, which, in turn, depend upon the ultimate function and use of the oligonucleotide. The term “primer”, as used herein, refers to an oligonucleotide, whether occurring naturally (as in a purified restriction digest) or produced synthetically, and which is capable of initiating synthesis of a strand complementary to a nucleic acid when placed under appropriate conditions, i.e., in the presence of nucleotides and an inducing agent, such as a DNA polymerase, and at a suitable temperature and pH. The primer may be either single-stranded or double-stranded and must be sufficiently long to prime the synthesis of the desired extension product in the presence of the inducing agent. The exact length of the primer will depend upon many factors, including temperature, sequence and/or homology of primer and the method used. For example, in diagnostic applications, the oligonucleotide primer typically contains 15-25 or more nucleotides, depending upon the complexity of the target sequence, although it may contain fewer nucleotides.

The primers herein are selected to be “substantially” complementary to particular target DNA sequences. This means that the primers must be sufficiently complementary to hybridize with their respective strands. Therefore, the primer sequence need not reflect the exact sequence of the template. For example, a non-complementary nucleotide fragment (i.e., containing a restriction site) may be attached to the 5′ end of the primer, with the remainder of the primer sequence being complementary to the strand. Alternatively, non-complementary bases or longer sequences can be interspersed into the primer, provided that the primer sequence has sufficient complementary with the sequence to hybridize therewith and form the template for synthesis of the extension product.

The probe to which the DNA of the invention hybridizes preferably consists of a sequence of at least 20 consecutive nucleotides, more preferably 40 nucleotides, even more preferably 50 nucleotides, and most preferably 100 nucleotides or more (up to 100%) of the coding sequence of the nucleotides listed in SEQ ID No. 29 or the complement thereof. Such a probe is useful for detecting expression of PUMP-1 in a cell by a method including the steps of (a) contacting mRNA obtained from the cell with a labeled PUMP-1 hybridization probe; and (b) detecting hybridization of the probe with the mRNA.

As used herein, “substantially pure DNA” means DNA that is not part of a milieu in which the DNA naturally occurs, by virtue of separation (partial or total purification) of some or all of the molecules of that milieu, or by virtue of alteration of sequences that flank the claimed DNA. The term therefore includes, for example, a recombinant DNA which is incorporated into a vector, into an autonomously replicating plasmid or virus, or into the genomic DNA of a prokaryote or eukaryote; or which exists as a separate molecule (e.g., a cDNA or a genomic or cDNA fragment produced by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or restriction endonuclease digestion) independent of other sequences. It also includes a recombinant DNA which is part of a hybrid gene encoding additional polypeptide sequence, e.g., a fusion protein. Also included is a recombinant DNA which includes a portion of the nucleotides listed in SEQ ID No. 29 and which encodes an alternative splice variant of PUMP-1.

The DNA may have at least about 70% sequence identity to the coding sequence of the nucleotides listed in SEQ ID No. 29, preferably at least 75% (e.g., at least 80%); and most preferably at least 90%. The identity between two sequences is a direct function of the number of matching or identical positions. When a position in both of the two sequences is occupied by the same monomeric subunit, e.g., if a given position is occupied by an adenine in each of two DNA molecules, then they are identical at that position. For example, if 7 positions in a sequence 10 nucleotides in length are identical to the corresponding positions in a second 10-nucleotide sequence, then the two sequences have 70% sequence identity. The length of comparison sequences will generally be at least 50 nucleotides, preferably at least 60 nucleotides, more preferably at least 75 nucleotides, and most preferably 100 nucleotides. Sequence identity is typically measured using sequence analysis software (e.g., Sequence Analysis Software Package of the Genetics Computer Group (GCG), University of Wisconsin Biotechnology Center, 1710 University Avenue, Madison, Wis. 53705).

Further included in this invention are PUMP-1 proteins which are encoded, at least in part, by portions of SEQ ID No. 29, e.g., products of alternative mRNA splicing or alternative protein processing events, or in which a section of PUMP-1 sequence has been deleted. The fragment, or the intact PUMP-1 polypeptide, may be covalently linked to another polypeptide, e.g., one which acts as a label, a ligand or a means to increase antigenicity. A substantially pure PUMP-1 protein may be obtained, for example, by extraction from a natural source; by expression of a recombinant nucleic acid encoding a PUMP-1 polypeptide; or by chemically synthesizing the protein. Purity can be measured by any appropriate method, e.g., column chromatography, such as immunoaffinity chromatography using an antibody specific for PUMP-1, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, or HPLC analysis. A protein is substantially free of naturally associated components when it is separated from at least some of those contaminants which accompany it in its natural state. Thus, a protein which is chemically synthesized or produced in a cellular system different from the cell from which it naturally originates will be, by definition, substantially free from its naturally associated components. Accordingly, substantially pure proteins include eukaryotic proteins synthesized in E. coli, other prokaryotes, or any other organism in which they do not naturally occur.

In addition to substantially full-length proteins, the invention also includes fragments (e.g., antigenic fragments) of the PUMP-1 protein. As used herein, “fragment,” as applied to a polypeptide, will ordinarily be at least 10 residues, more typically at least 20 residues, and preferably at least 30 (e.g., 50) residues in length, but less than the entire, intact sequence. Fragments of the PUMP-1 protein can be generated by methods known to those skilled in the art, e.g., by enzymatic digestion of naturally occurring or recombinant PUMP-1 protein, by recombinant DNA techniques using an expression vector that encodes a defined fragment of PUMP-1, or by chemical synthesis. The ability of a candidate fragment to exhibit a characteristic of PUMP-1 (e.g., binding to an antibody specific for PUMP-1) can be assessed by methods known in the art. Purified PUMP-1 or antigenic fragments of PUMP-1 can be used to generate new antibodies or to test existing antibodies (e.g., as positive controls in a diagnostic assay) by employing standard protocols known to those skilled in the art. Included in this invention is polyclonal antisera generated by using PUMP-1 or a fragment of PUMP-1 as the immunogen in, e.g., rabbits. Standard protocols for monoclonal and polyclonal antibody production known to those skilled in this art are employed. The monoclonal antibodies generated by this procedure can be screened for the ability to identify recombinant PUMP-1 cDNA clones, and to distinguish them from other cDNA clones.

The invention encompasses not only an intact anti-PUMP-1 monoclonal antibody, but also an immunologically-active antibody fragment, e.g., a Fab or (Fab)₂ fragment; an engineered single chain Fv molecule; or a chimeric molecule, e.g., an antibody which contains the binding specificity of one antibody, e.g., of murine origin, and the remaining portions of another antibody, e.g., of human origin.

In one embodiment, the antibody, or a fragment thereof, may be linked to a toxin or to a detectable label, e.g., a radioactive label, non-radioactive isotopic label, fluorescent label, chemiluminescent label, paramagnetic label, enzyme label, or colorimetric label. Examples of suitable toxins include diphtheria toxin, Pseudomonas exotoxin A, ricin, and cholera toxin. Examples of suitable enzyme labels include malate hydrogenase, staphylococcal nuclease, delta-5-steroid isomerase, alcohol dehydrogenase, alpha-glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase, triose phosphate isomerase, peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, asparaginase, glucose oxidase, beta-galactosidase, ribonuclease, urease, catalase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glucoamylase, acetylcholinesterase, etc. Examples of suitable radioisotopic labels include ³H, ¹²⁵I, ¹³¹I, ³²P, 35S, ¹⁴C, etc.

Paramagnetic isotopes for purposes of in vivo diagnosis can also be used according to the methods of this invention. There are numerous examples of elements that are useful in magnetic resonance imaging. For discussions on in vivo nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, see, for example, Schaefer et al., (1989) JACC 14: 472-480; Shreve et al., (1986) Magn. Reson. Med. 3: 336-340; Wolf, G. L., (1984) Physiol. Chem. Phys. Med. NMR 16: 93-95; Wesbey et al., (1984) Physiol. Chem. Phys. Med. NMR 16: 145-155; Runge et al., (1984) Invest. Radiol. 19: 408-415. Examples of suitable fluorescent labels include a fluorescein label, an isothiocyalate label, a rhodamine label, a phycoerythrin label, a phycocyanin label, an allophycocyanin label, an ophthaldehyde label, a fluorescamine label, etc. Examples of chemiluminescent labels include a luminal label, an isoluminal label, an aromatic acridinium ester label, an imidazole label, an acridinium salt label, an oxalate ester label, a luciferin label, a luciferase label, an aequorin label, etc.

Those of ordinary skill in the art will know of other suitable labels which may be employed in accordance with the present invention. The binding of these labels to antibodies or fragments thereof can be accomplished using standard techniques commonly known and used by those of ordinary skill in the art. Typical techniques are described by Kennedy et al., (1976) Clin. Chim. Acta 70: 1-31; and Schurs et al., (1977) Clin. Chim. Acta 81: 1-40. Coupling techniques mentioned in the latter are the glutaraldehyde method, the periodate method, the dimaleimide method, the m-maleimidobenzyl-N-hydroxy-succinimide ester method. All of these methods are incorporated by reference herein.

Also within the invention is a method of detecting PUMP-1 protein in a biological sample, which includes the steps of contacting the sample with the labeled antibody, e.g., radioactively tagged antibody specific for PUMP-1, and determining whether the antibody binds to a component of the sample. Antibodies to the PUMP-1 protein can be used in an immunoassay to detect increased levels of PUMP-1 protein expression in tissues suspected of neoplastic transformation. These same uses can be achieved with Northern blot assays and analyses.

As described herein, the invention provides a number of diagnostic advantages and uses. For example, the PUMP-1 protein is useful in diagnosing cancer in different tissues since this protein is highly overexpressed in tumor cells. Antibodies (or antigen-binding fragments thereof) which bind to an epitope specific for PUMP-1 are useful in a method of detecting PUMP-1 protein in a biological sample for diagnosis of cancerous or neoplastic transformation. This method includes the steps of obtaining a biological sample (e.g., cells, blood, plasma, tissue, etc.) from a patient suspected of having cancer, contacting the sample with a labeled antibody (e.g., radioactively tagged antibody) specific for PUMP-1, and detecting the PUMP-1 protein using standard immunoassay techniques such as an ELISA. Antibody binding to the biological sample indicates that the sample contains a component which specifically binds to an epitope within PUMP-1.

Likewise, a standard Northern blot assay can be used to ascertain the relative amounts of PUMP-1 mRNA in a cell or tissue obtained from a patient suspected of having cancer, in accordance with conventional Northern hybridization techniques known to those of ordinary skill in the art. This Northern assay uses a hybridization probe, e.g., radiolabelled PUMP-1 cDNA, either containing the full-length, single stranded DNA having a sequence complementary to SEQ ID No. 29, or a fragment of that DNA sequence at least 20 (preferably at least 30, more preferably at least 50, and most preferably at least 100 consecutive nucleotides in length). The DNA hybridization probe can be labeled by any of the many different methods known to those skilled in this art.

The following examples are given for the purpose of illustrating various embodiments of the invention and are not meant to limit the present invention in any fashion. The present examples, along with the methods, procedures, treatments, molecules, and specific compounds described herein are presently representative of preferred embodiments. One skilled in the art will appreciate readily that the present invention is well adapted to carry out the objects and obtain the ends and advantages mentioned, as well as those objects, ends and advantages inherent herein. Changes therein and other uses which are encompassed within the spirit of the invention as defined by the scope of the claims will occur to those skilled in the art.

Any patents or publications mentioned in this specification are indicative of the levels of those skilled in the art to which the invention pertains. Further, these patents and publications are incorporated by reference herein to the same extent as if each individual publication was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

EXAMPLE 1

Amplification of Serine Proteases Using Redundant and Specific Primers

Only cDNA preparations deemed free of genomic DNA were used for gene expression analysis. Redundant primers were prepared for serine proteases, metallo-proteases and cysteine protease. The primers were synthesized to consensus sequences of amino acid surrounding the catalytic triad for serine proteases, viz. histidine . . . aspartate . . . and serine. The sequences of both sense (histidine & aspartate) and antisense (aspartate and serine) redundant primers are shown in Table 2.

Several protease entities were identified and subcloned from PCR amplification of cDNA derived from serous cystadenocarcinomas. Therefore, the proteases described herein are reflective of surface activities for this type of carcinoma, the most common form of ovarian cancer. Applicant also shows PCR amplification bands of similar base pair size unique to the mucinous tumor type and the clear cell type. About 20-25% of ovarian cancers are classified as either mucinous, clear cell, or endometrioid.

To determine the identity of the PCR products, all the appropriate bands were ligated into Promega T-vector plasmid and the ligation product was used to transform JM109 cells (Promega) grown on selective media. After selection and culturing of individual colonies, plasmid DNA was isolated by means of the WIZARD MINIPREP™ DNA purification system (Promega). Inserts were sequenced using a Prism Ready Reaction Dydeoxy Terminators cycle sequencing kit (Applied Biosystems). Residual dye terminators were removed from the completed sequencing reaction using a CENTRISEP SPIN™ column (Princeton Separation), and samples were loaded into an Applied Biosystems Model 373A DNA sequencing system. The results of subcloning and sequencing for the serine protease primers are summarized in Table 3. TABLE 2 PCR Primers SEQ ID 5′→3′ No. Redundant Primers: Serine Protease tgggtigtiacigcigcica 1 (histidine) = S1 (ct)t Serine Protease a(ag)ia(ag)igciatitc 2 (aspartic acid) = AS1 itticc Serine Protease a(ag)iggiccicci(cg) 3 (serine) = AS11 (ta)(ag)tcicc Cysteine Protease - ca(ag)ggica(ag)tg 4 sense (ct)ggi(ta)(cg)it g(ct)tgg Cysteine Protease - taiccicc(ag)tt(ag)ca 5 antisense icc(ct)tc Metallo Protease - cci(ac)gitg(tc)ggi 6 sense (ga)(ta)icciga Metallo Protease - tt(ag)tgicciai(ct)tc 7 antisense (ag)tg Specific Primers: Serine Protease tgtcccgatggcgagtgttt 8 (hepsin) = sense Serine Protease cctgttggccatagtactgc 9 (hepsin) = antisense Serine Protease agatgaatgagtacaccgtg 10 (SCCE) = sense Serine Protease ccagtaagtccttgtaaacc 11 (SCCE) = antisense Serine Protease aagggacacgagagctgtat 12 (Comp B) = sense Serine Protease aagtggtagttggaggaagc 13 (Comp B) = antisense Serine Protease ctgtgatccaccctgactat 20 (Protease M) = sense Serine Protease caggtggatgtatgcacact 21 (Protease M) = antisense Serine Protease gcgcactgtgtttatgagat 22 (TADG12) = sense (Ser10-s) Serine Protease ctctttggcttgtacttgct 23 (TADG12) = antisense (Ser10-as) Serine Protease tgagggacatcattatgcac 24 (TADG13) = sense Serine Protease caagttttccccataattgg 25 (TADG13) = antisense Serine Protease acagtacgcctgggagacca 26 (TADG14) = sense Serine Protease ctgagacggtgcaattctgg 27 (TADG14) = antisense Cysteine Protease attggagagagaaaggctac 14 (Cath-L) = sense Cysteine Protease cttgggattgtacttacagg 15 (Cath-L) = antisense Metallo Protease cttccaaagtggtcacctac 16 (PUMP1) = sense Metallo Protease ctagactgctaccatccgtc 17 (PUMP1) = antisense

TABLE 3 Serine protease candidates Subclone Primer Set Gene Candidate 1 His-Ser hepsin 2 His-Ser SCCE 3 His-Ser Compliment B 4 His-Asp Cofactor 1 5 His-Asp TADG-12* 6 His-Ser TADG-13* 7 His-Ser TADG-14* 8 His-Ser Protease M 9 His-Ser TADG-15* *indicates novel proteases

Sequencing of the PCR products derived from tumor cDNA confirms the potential candidacy of these genes. The three novel genes all have conserved resides within the catalytic triad sequence consistent with their membership in the serine protease family.

Applicant compared the PCR products amplified from normal and carcinoma cDNAs using sense-histidine and antisense-aspartate as well as sense-histidine and antisense-serine. The anticipated PCR products of approximately 200 bp and 500 bp for those pairs of primers were observed (aspartate is proximately 50-70 amino acids downstream from histidine, and serine is about 100-150 amino acids toward the carboxy end from histidine).

FIG. 1 shows a comparison of PCR products derived from normal and carcinoma cDNA as shown by staining in an agarose gel. Two distinct bands in Lane 2 were present in the primer pair sense-His/antisense ASP (AS1) and multiple bands of about 500 bp are noted in the carcinoma lane for the sense-His/antisense-Ser (AS2) primer pairs in Lane 4.

EXAMPLE 2

Northern Blots Analysis

Significant information can be obtained by examining the expression of these candidate genes by Northern blot. Analysis of normal adult multi-tissue blots offers the opportunity to identify normal tissues which may express the protease. Ultimately, if strategies for inhibition of proteases for therapeutic intervention are to be developed, it is essential to appreciate the expression of these genes in normal tissues.

Significant information is expected from Northern blot analysis of fetal tissue. Genes overexpressed in carcinomas are often highly expressed in organogenesis. As indicated, the hepsin gene cloned from hepatoma cells and overexpressed in ovarian carcinoma is overtly expressed in fetal liver. Hepsin gene expression was also detected in fetal kidney, and therefore, could be a candidate for expression in renal carcinomas.

Northern panels for examining expression of genes in a multi-tissue normal adult as well as fetal tissue are commercially available (CLONTECH). Such evaluation tools are not only important to confirm the overexpression of individual transcripts in tumor versus normal tissues, but also provides the opportunity to confirm transcript size, and to determine if alternate splicing or other transcript alteration may occur in ovarian carcinoma.

Northern blot analysis was performed as follows: 10 μg of mRNA was loaded onto a 1% formaldehyde-agarose gel, electrophoresed and blotted onto a HyBond-N⁺™ nylon membrane (Amersham). ³²P-labeled cDNA probes were made using Prime-a-Gene Labeling System™ (Promega). The PCR products amplified by specific primers were used as probes. Blots were prehybridized for 30 min and then hybridized for 60 min at 68° C. with ³²P-labeled cDNA probe in ExpressHyb™ Hybridization Solution (CLONTECH). Control hybridization to determine relative gel loading was accomplished using the β-tubulin probe.

Normal human tissues including spleen, thymus, prostate, testis, ovary, small intestine, colon, peripheral blood leukocyte, heart, brain, placenta, lung, liver, skeletal muscle, kidney, pancreas and normal human fetal tissues (Human Multiple Tissue Northern Blot; CLONTECH) were all examined using the same hybridization procedure.

Experiments comparing PCR amplification in normal ovary and ovarian carcinoma suggested overexpression and/or alteration in mRNA transcript in tumor tissues. Northern blot analysis of TADG-14 confirms a transcript size of 1.4 kb and data indicate overexpression in ovarian carcinoma (FIG. 2). Isolation and purification using both PCR and a specific 250 bp PCR product to screen positive plaques yielded a 1.2 kb clone of TADG-14. Other proteases were amplified by the same method using the appropriate primers from Table 2.

EXAMPLE 3

PCR Products Corresponding to Serine, Cysteine and Metallo-Proteases

Based on their unique expression in either low malignant potential tumors or carcinomas, PCR-amplified cDNA products were cloned and sequenced and the appropriate gene identified based upon nucleotide and amino acid sequences stored in the GCG and EST databases. FIGS. 3, 4 & 5 show the PCR product displays comparing normal and carcinomatous tissues using redundant primers for serine proteases (FIG. 3), for cysteine proteases (FIG. 4) and for metallo-proteases (FIG. 5). Note the differential expression in the carcinoma tissues versus the normal tissues. The proteases were identified using redundant cDNA primers (see Table 2) directed towards conserved sequences that are associated with intrinsic enzyme activity (for serine proteases, cysteine proteases and metallo-proteases) by comparing mRNA expression in normal, low malignant potential and overt ovarian carcinoma tissues according to Sakanari et al. [Biochemistry 86: 4863-4867 (1989)].

EXAMPLE 4

Serine Proteases

For the serine protease group, using the histidine domain primer sense, S1, in combination with antisense primer AS2, the following proteases were identified:

-   -   (a) Hepsin, a trypsin-like serine protease cloned from hepatoma         cells shown to be a cell surface protease essential for the         growth of hepatoma cells in culture and highly expressed in         hepatoma tumor cells (FIG. 3, lane 4);     -   (b) Complement factor B protease (human factor IX), a protease         involved in the coagulation cascade and associated with the         production and accumulation of fibrin split products associated         with tumor cells (FIG. 3, lane 4). Compliment factor B belongs         in the family of coagulation factors X (Christmas factor). As         part of the intrinsic pathway, compliment factor B catalyzes the         proteolytic activation of coagulation factor X in the presence         of Ca²⁺ phospholipid and factor VIIIa e5; and     -   (c) A stratum corneum chymotryptic enzyme (SCCE) serine protease         involved in desquarnation of skin cells from the human stratum         corneum (FIG. 3, lane 4). SCCE is expressed in keratinocytes of         the epidermis and functions to degrade the cohesive structures         in the cornified layer to allow continuous skin surface         shedding.

EXAMPLE 5

Cysteine Proteases

In the cysteine protease group, using redundant sense and anti-sense primers for cysteine proteases, one unique PCR product was identified by overexpression in ovarian carcinoma when compared to normal ovarian tissue (FIG. 4, lanes 3-5). Cloning and sequencing this PCR product identified a sequence of Cathepsin L, which is a lysomal cysteine protease whose expression and secretion is induced by malignant transformation, growth factors and tumor promoters. Many human tumors (including ovarian) express high levels of Cathepsin L. Cathepsin L cysteine protease belongs in the stromolysin family and has potent elastase and collagenase activities. Published data indicates increased levels in the serum of patients with mucinous cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary. It has not heretofore been shown to be expressed in other ovarian tumors.

EXAMPLE 6

Metallo-Proteases

Using redundant sense and anti-sense primers for the metallo-protease group, one unique PCR product was detected in the tumor tissue which was absent in normal ovarian tissue (FIG. 5, lanes 2-5). Subcloning and sequencing this product indicates it has complete homology in the appropriate region with the so-called PUMP-1 (MMP-7) gene. This zinc-binding metallo-protease is expressed as a proenzyme with a signal sequence and is active in gelatin and collagenase digestion. PUMP-1 has also been shown to be induced and overexpressed in 9 of 10 colorectal carcinomas compared to normal colon tissue, suggesting a role for this substrate in the progression of this disease.

EXAMPLE 7

Expression of PUMP-1

Using redundant primers to metal binding domains and conserved histidine domains, a differentially expressed PCR product identical to matrix metallo-protease 7 (MMP-7) was identified, herein called PUMP-1. Using specific primers for PUMP-1, PCR produced a 250 bp product for Northern blot analysis.

The mRNA overexpression of PUMP-1 was detected and determined using quantitative PCR. Quantitative PCR was performed generally according to the method of Noonan et al. [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA, 87: 7160-7164 (1990)]. The following oligonucleotide primers were used: PUMP-1 forward 5′-CTTCCAAAGTGGTCACCTAC-3′, (SEQ ID No. 16) and PUMP-1 reverse 5′-CTAGACTGCTACCATCCGTC-3′; (SEQ ID No. 17) and β-tubulin forward 5′-TGCATTGACAACGAGGC-3′, (SEQ ID No. 18) and β-tubulin reverse 5′-CTGTCTTGA CATTGTTG-3′. (SEQ ID No. 19)

β-tubulin was utilized as an internal control. The predicted sizes of the amplified genes were 250 bp for PUMP-1 and 454 bp for β3-tubulin. The primer sequences used in this study were designed according to the cDNA sequences described by Leytus et al. [Biochemistry, 27: 1067-1074 (1988)] for PUMP-1, and Hall et al. [Mol. Cell. Biol., 3: 854-862 (1983)] for β-tubulin.

The PCR reaction mixture consisted of cDNA derived from 50 ng of mRNA converted by conventional techniques, 5 pmol of sense and antisense primers for both the PUMP-1 gene and the β-tubulin gene, 200 μmol of dNTPs, 5 μCi of α-³²PdCTP and 0.25 units of Taq DNA polymerase with reaction buffer (Promega) in a final volume of 25 μl.

The target sequences were amplified in parallel with the β-tubulin gene. Thirty cycles of PCR were carried out in a Thermal Cycler (Perkin-Elmer Cetus). Each cycle of PCR included 30 sec of denaturation at 95° C., 30 sec of annealing at 63° C. and 30 sec of extension at 72° C. The PCR products were separated on 2% agarose gels and the radioactivity of each PCR product was determined by using a PhosphorImager™ (Molecular Dynamics). Student's t test was used for comparison of mean values.

To confirm the results of quantitative PCR and to identify the appropriate transcript size for PUMP-1, Northern blot hybridization was performed using representative samples of each histological type of carcinoma. As shown in FIG. 17A, Northern blot hybridization with a ³²P-labeled PUMP-1 probe revealed an intense band in carcinoma cases and no visible band in normal ovary. The size of the PUMP-1 transcript in carcinoma cases was approximately 1.1 Kb. Among normal human fetal tissues examined, fetal lung and fetal kidney showed increased transcript expression (FIG. 17B), on the other hand, PUMP-1 expression was not observed or was expressed at very low levels in normal human adult tissues, including spleen, thymus, prostate, testis, ovary, small intestine, colon and peripheral blood leukocyte (FIG. 17C).

Quantitative PCR comparing normal versus ovarian carcinoma expression of the PUMP-1 mRNA indicates that this gene is highly expressed in serous carcinomas, including most low malignant serous tumors, and is, again, expressed to a lesser extent in mucinous tumors (see FIGS. 18A & 18B). PUMP-1, however, is so far the protease most frequently found overexpressed in mucinous tumors (See Table 8).

A tumor tissue bank of fresh frozen tissue of ovarian carcinomas as shown in Table 4 was used for evaluation. Approximately 100 normal ovaries removed for medical reasons other than malignancy were obtained from surgery and were available as controls.

From the tumor bank, approximately 100 carcinomas were evaluated encompassing most histological sub-types of ovarian carcinoma, including borderline or low-malignant potential tumors and overt carcinomas. The approach included using mRNA prepared from fresh frozen tissue (both normal and malignant) to compare expression of genes in normal, low malignant potential tumors and overt carcinomas. The cDNA prepared from polyA⁺ mRNA was deemed to be genomic DNA-free by checking all preparations with primers that encompassed a known intron-exon splice site using both β-tubulin and p53 primers. TABLE 4 Ovarian cancer tissue bank Total Stage I/11 Stage III/IV No Stage Serous Malignant 166 15 140 8 LMP 16 9 7 0 Benign 12 0 0 12 Mucinous Malignant 26 6 14 6 LMP 28 25 3 0 Benign 3 0 0 3 Endometrioid Malignant 38 17 21 0 LMP 2 2 0 0 Benign 0 0 0 0 Other* Malignant 61 23 29 9 LMP 0 0 0 0 Benign 5 0 0 5 *Other category includes the following tumor types: Brenner's tumor, thecoma, teratoma, fibrothecoma, fibroma, granulosa cell, clear cell, germ cell, mixed mullerian, stromal, undifferentiated, and dysgerminoma.

The expression of the metallo-protease PUMP-1 gene in 10 normal ovaries, 12 low malignant potential (LMP) tumors, and 32 ovarian carcinoma (both mucinous and serous type) by quantitative PCR using PUMP-1-specific primers (see Table 2) was determined (primers directed toward the β-tubulin message were used as an internal standard) (Table 5). Using a cut-off level for overexpression of the mean for normal ovary+2SD, 9 of 12 LMP (75%) tumor cases and 26 of 32 (81%) carcinoma cases were above the cut-off value. PUMP-1 mRNA expression was significantly elevated in tumors compared to that in normal ovary for both LMP tumor (p<0.05) and carcinoma (p<0.0001). All 10 cases of normal ovaries showed relatively low levels of PUMP-1 mRNA expression.

Table 5 summarizes the data obtained on the histological type, stage, grade and mRNA overexpression of PUMP-1 in all the cases studied. Lymph node metastases were histopathologically proven in 5 cases and all these cases showed overexpression of PUMP-1. Also of note, all 5 cases of stage I carcinoma showed overexpression of PUMP-1. Overall, the expression ratio (mean±SD) for normal ovary was determined to be 0.084±0.065; for LMP tumors, 0.905±1.251; and for carcinomas, 0.663±0.630 (Table 6). From a histological point of view (Table 6), overexpression of PUMP-1 was observed in 21 of 26 (80.8%) serous tumors (6 of 7 LMP tumors and 15 of 19 carcinomas) and 8 of 12 (66.7%) mucinous tumors (3 of 5 LMP tumors and 5 of 7 carcinomas). For endometrioid and clear cell carcinomas, PUMP-1 was found to be overexpressed in all 6 cases examined.

Examination of PUMP-1 antigen expression in normal and carcinomatous tissues by immunolocalization using both a peptide derived polyclonal antibody and a commercial monoclonal antibody (Calbiochem) confirmed the quantitative PCR data (Table 7). Little or no staining was observed in normal ovary (FIG. 20A), while intense tumor cell staining of secretory bodies could be detected in several mucinous tumors (e.g., FIG. 20B). Intense cytoplasmic staining was also observed in serous tumors (FIG. 20C), clear cell tumors (FIG. 20D) and a secreted product was most noticeable in endometrioid tumors (FIG. 20E). TABLE 5 Patient Characteristics and Expression of PUMP-1 Gene mRNA expression of Case Histological type^(a) Stage/Grade LN^(b) PUMP-1^(c) 1 normal ovary n 2 normal ovary n 3 normal ovary n 4 normal ovary n 5 normal ovary n 6 normal ovary n 7 normal ovary n 8 normal ovary n 9 normal ovary n 10 normal ovary n 11 S adenoma (LMP) 1/1 N 4+ 12 S adenoma (LMP) 1/1 NE n 13 S adenoma (LMP) 1/1 NE 4+ 14 S adenoma (LMP) 1/1 N 4+ 15 S adenoma (LMP) 3/1 P 4+ 16 S adenoma (LMP) 3/1 P 4+ 17 S adenoma (LMP) 3/1 P 4+ 18 M adenoma (LMP) 1/1 NE n 19 M adenoma (LMP) 1/1 N n 20 M adenoma (LMP) 1/1 N 4+ 21 M adenoma (LMP) 1/1 NE 4+ 22 M adenoma (LMP) 1/1 NE 4+ 23 S carcinoma 1/2 N 4+ 24 S carcinoma 1/3 N 4+ 25 S carcinoma 3/1 NE 4+ 26 S carcinoma 3/2 NE 4+ 27 S carcinoma 3/2 P 4+ 28 S carcinoma 3/2 NE 2+ 29 S carcinoma 3/3 NE n 30 S carcinoma 3/3 NE 4+ 31 S carcinoma 3/3 NE 4+ 32 S carcinoma 3/3 NE 4+ 33 S carcinoma 3/3 N 2+ 34 S carcinoma 3/3 NE n 35 S carcinoma 3/3 NE 4+ 36 S carcinoma 3/3 NE 4+ 37 S carcinoma 3/3 NE 2+ 38 S carcinoma 3/3 N n 39 S carcinoma 3/2 NE 4+ 40 S carcinoma 3/3 NE 2+ 41 S carcinoma 3/2 NE n 42 M carcinoma 1/2 N 4+ 43 M carcinoma 2/2 NE 4+ 44 M carcinoma 2/2 N 4+ 45 M carcinoma 3/1 NE 4+ 46 M carcinoma 3/2 NE n 47 M carcinoma 3/2 NE n 48 M carcinoma 3/3 NE 4+ 49 E carcinoma 2/3 N 4+ 50 E carcinoma 3/2 NE 4+ 51 E carcinoma 3/3 NE 4+ 52 C carcinoma 1/3 N 4+ 53 C carcinoma 1/1 N 4+ 54 C carcinoma 3/2 P 4+ ^(a)S, serous; M, mucinous; E, endometrioid; C, clear cell; ^(b)LN, lymph node metastasis; P, positive; N, negative; NE, not examined; ^(c)n, normal range = mean ±2SD; 2+, mean +2SD to +4SD; 4+, mean +4SD or greater.

TABLE 6 Overexpression of PUMP-1 in normal ovaries and ovarian tumors PUMP-1 Ratio of PUMP-1 Type N Overexpression to β-tubulin Normal 10 0 (0%)   0.084 ± 0.065 LMP 12 9 (75.0%) 0.905 ± 1.251 Serous 7 6 (85.7%) 1.301 ± 1.542 Mucinous 5 3 (60.0%) 0.351 ± 0.269 Carcinomous 32 26 (81.3%)  0.663 ± 0.630 Serous 19 15 (78.9%)  0.675 ± 0.774 Mucinous 7 5 (71.4%) 0.474 ± 0.337 Endometrioid 3 3 (100%)  0.635 ± 0.224 Clear Cell 3 3 (100%)  1.062 ± 0.060

TABLE 7 Expression of PUMP-1 protein by immunolocalization Histology mRNA^(a) Protein^(b) Normal ovary n − S Carcinoma 4+ + S Carcinoma 4+ + S Carcinoma 4+ + S Carcinoma 4+ + S Carcinoma 2+ + S Carcinoma n − S Carcinoma 4+ + S Carcinoma 2+ + S Carcinoma n − M Carcinoma n − C Carcinoma 4+ + C Carcinoma 4+ + C Carcinoma 4+ + ^(a)mRNA expression of PUMP-1 (see Table 5). n = low or no transcript detected by quantitative PCR. 2+/4+ = overexpression of PUMP-1 transcription by more than 2SD or 4SD over the normal level of PUMP-1 in normal ovary. ^(b)+, >10% positive tumor cells; −, negative.

EXAMPLE 8

Summary of Proteases Detected Herein

Most of the proteases described herein were identified from the sense-His/antisense-Ser primer pair, yielding a 500 bp PCR product (FIG. 1, lane 4). Some of the enzymes are familiar, a short summary of each follows.

Hepsin

Hepsin is a trypsin-like serine protease cloned from hepatoma cells.

Hepsin is an extracellular protease (the enzyme includes a secretion signal sequence) which is anchored in the plasma membrane by its amino terminal domain, thereby exposing its catalytic domain to the extracellular matrix. Hepsin has also been shown to be expressed in breast cancer cell lines and peripheral nerve cells. It has never before been associated with ovarian carcinoma. Specific primers for the hepsin gene were synthesized and the expression of hepsin examined using Northern blots of fetal tissue and ovarian tissue (both normal and ovarian carcinoma).

FIG. 10A shows that hepsin was expressed in fetal liver and fetal kidney as anticipated, but at very low levels or not at all in fetal brain and lung.

FIG. 10B shows that hepsin was expressed in ovarian carcinomas of different histologic types, but not in normal ovary. The mRNA identified in both Northern blots was the appropriate size for the hepsin transcript. The expression of hepsin was examined in 10 normal ovaries and 44 ovarian tumors using specific primers to β-tubulin and hepsin in a quantitative PCR assay, and found it to be linear over 35 cycles. Expression is presented as the ratio of ³²P-hepsin band to the internal control, the ³²P-β-tubulin band.

FIGS. 11A & 11B show hepsin expression in normal (N), mucinous (M) and serous (S) low malignant potential (LMP) tumors and carcinomas (CA).

FIG. 11A shows quantitative PCR of hepsin and internal control β-tubulin. FIG. 11B shows a bar graph of expression of PUMP-1 in 10 normal ovaries and 44 ovarian carcinoma samples.

Hepsin mRNA is highly overexpressed in most histopathologic types of ovarian carcinomas including some low malignant potential tumors (see FIGS. 11A & 11B). Most noticeably, hepsin is highly expressed in serous, endometrioid and clear cell tumors tested. It is highly expressed in some mucinous tumors, but it is not overexpressed in the majority of such tumors.

Stratum Corneum Chymotrypsin Enzyme (SCCE)

The PCR product identified was the catalytic domain of the sense-His/antisense-Ser of the SCCE enzyme. This extracellular protease was cloned, sequenced and shown to be expressed on the surface of keratinocytes in the epidermis. SCCE is a chymotrypsin-like serine protease whose function is suggested to be in the catalytic degradation of intercellular cohesive structures in the stratum corneum layer of the skin. This degradation allows continuous shedding (desquamation) of cells from the skin surface. The subcellular localization of SCCE is in the upper granular layer in the stratum corneum of normal non-palmoplantar skin and in the cohesive parts of hypertrophic plantar stratum corneum. SCCE is exclusively associated with the stratum corneum and has not so far been shown to be expressed in any carcinomatous tissues.

Northern blots were probed with the PCR product to determine expression of SCCE in fetal tissue and ovarian carcinoma (FIGS. 12A & 12B). Noticeably, detection of SCCE messenger RNA on the fetal Northern was almost non-existent (a problem with the probe or the blot was excluded by performing the proper controls). A faint band appeared in fetal kidney. On the other hand, SCCE mRNA is abundant in the ovarian carcinoma mRNA (FIG. 12B). Two transcripts of the correct size are observed for SCCE. The same panel of cDNA used for hepsin analysis was used for SCCE expression.

No SCCE expression was detected in the normal ovary lane of the Northern blot. A comparison of all candidate genes, including a loading marker (β-tubulin), was shown to confirm that this observation was not a result of a loading bias. Quantitative PCR using SCCE primers, along with β-tubulin internal control primers, confirmed the overexpression of SCCE mRNA in carcinoma of the ovary with no expression in normal ovarian tissue (FIG. 13).

FIG. 13A shows a comparison using quantitative PCR of SCCE cDNA from normal ovary and ovarian carcinomas. FIG. 13B shows the ratio of SCCE to the β-tubulin internal standard in 10 normal and 44 ovarian carcinoma tissues. Again, it is observed that SCCE is highly overexpressed in ovarian carcinoma cells. It is also noted that some mucinous tumors overexpress SCCE, but the majority do not.

Protease M

Protease M was identified from subclones of the His-ser primer pair. This protease was first cloned by Anisowicz, et al., [Molecular Medicine, 2: 624-636 (1996)] and shown to be overexpressed in breast and ovarian carcinomas. A preliminary evaluation indicates that this enzyme is overexpressed in ovarian carcinoma (FIG. 14).

Cofactor I and Complement Factor B

Several serine proteases associated with the coagulation pathway were also subcloned. Examination of normal and ovarian carcinomas by quantitative PCR for expression of these enzymes, it was noticeable that this mRNA was not clearly overexpressed in ovarian carcinomas when compared to normal ovarian tissue. It should be noted that the same panel of tumors was used for the evaluation of each candidate protease.

TADG-12

TADG-12 was identified from the primer pairs, sense-His/antisense-Asp (see FIG. 1, lanes 1 & 2). Upon subcloning both PCR products in lane 2, the 200 bp product had a unique protease-like sequence not included in GenBank. This 200 bp product contains many of the conserved amino acids common for the His-Asp domain of the family of serine proteins. The second and larger PCR product (300 bp) was shown to have a high degree of homology with TADG-12 (His-Asp sequence), but also contained approximately 100 bp of unique sequence. Synthesis of specific primers and the sequencing of the subsequent PCR products from three different tumors demonstrated that the larger PCR product (present in about 50% of ovarian carcinomas) includes an insert of about 100 bp near the 5′ end (and near the histidine) of the sequence. This insert may be a retained genomic intron because of the appropriate position of splice sites and the fact that the insert does not contain an open reading frame (see FIG. 15). This suggests the possibility of a splice site mutation which gives rise to retention of the intron, or a translocation of a sequence into the TADG-12 gene in as many as half of all ovarian carcinomas.

TADG-13 and TADG-14

Specific primers were synthesized for TADG-13 and TADG-14 to evaluate expression of genes in normal and ovarian carcinoma tissue. Northern blot analysis of ovarian tissues indicates the transcript for the TADG-14 gene is approximately 1.4 kb and is expressed in ovarian carcinoma tissues (FIG. 16A) with no noticeable transcript presence in normal tissue. In quantitative PCR studies using specific primers, increased expression of TADG-14 in ovarian carcinoma tissues was noted compared to a normal ovary (FIG. 16B). The presence of a specific PCR product for TADG-14 in both an HeLa library and an ovarian carcinoma library was also confirmed. Several candidate sequences corresponding to TADG-14 have been screened and isolated from the HeLa library.

Clearly from sequence homology, these genes fit into the family of serine proteases. TADG-13 and -14 are, however, heretofore undocumented genes which the specific primers of the invention allow to be evaluated in normal and tumor cells, and with which the presence or absence of expression of these genes is useful in the diagnosis or treatment selection for specific tumor types.

Cathepsin-L

Using redundant cysteine protease primers to conserved domains surrounding individual cysteine and histidine residues, the cathepsin-L protease was identified in several serous carcinomas. An initial examination of the expression of cathepsin L in normal and ovarian tumor tissue indicates that transcripts for the cathepsin-L protease are present in both normal and tumor tissues (FIG. 21). However, its presence or absence in combination with other proteases of the present invention permits identification of specific tumor types and treatment choices.

EXAMPLE 9

Summary of Data

Redundant primers to conserved domains of serine, metallo-, and cysteine proteases have yielded a set of genes whose mRNAs are overexpressed in ovarian carcinoma. The genes which are clearly overexpressed include the serine proteases hepsin, SCCE, protease M TADG12, TADG14 and the metallo-protease PUMP-1 (see FIG. 21 and Table 8). Northern blot analysis of normal and ovarian carcinoma tissues, summarized in FIG. 14, indicated overexpression of hepsin, SCCE, PUMP-1 and TADG-14. A β-tubulin probe to control for loading levels was included.

For the most part, these proteins previously have not been associated with the extracellular matrix of ovarian carcinoma cells. No panel of proteases which might contribute to the growth, shedding, invasion and colony development of metastatic carcinoma has been previously described, including the three new candidate serine proteases which are herein disclosed. The establishment of an extracellular protease panel associated with either malignant growth or malignant potential offers the opportunity for the identification of diagnostic or prognostic markers and for therapeutic intervention through inhibition or down regulation of these proteases.

The availability of the instant gene-specific primers coding for the appropriate region of tumor specific proteases allows for the amplification of a specific cDNA probe using Northern and Southern analysis, and their use as markers to detect the presence of the cancer in tissue. The probes also allow more extensive evaluation of the expression of the gene in normal ovary versus low malignant potential tumor, as well as both high- and low-stage carcinomas. The evaluation of a panel of fresh frozen tissue from all the carcinoma subtypes (Table 4) allowed the determination of whether a protease is expressed predominantly in early stage disease or within specific carcinoma subtypes. It was also determined whether each genes' expression is confined to a particular stage in tumor progression and/or is associated with metastatic lesions. Detection of specific combinations of proteases is an identifying characteristic of the specific tumor types and yields valuable information for diagnoses and treatment selection. Particular tumor types may be more accurately diagnosed by the characteristic expression pattern of each specific tumor. TABLE 8 Overexpression of proteases in ovarian tumors Type N PUMP-1 SCCE Pump-1 Prot M Normal 10   0% (0/10)   0% (0/10)   0% (0/10)   0% (0/10) LMP 12 58.3% (7/12) 66.7% (8/12) 75.0% (9/12)   75% (9/12) Serous 7 85.7% (6/7) 85.7% (6/7) 85.7% (6/7)  100% (7/7) mucinous 5 20.0% (1/5) 40.0% (2/5)   60% (3/5) 40.0% (2/5) Carcinoma 32 84.4% (27/32) 78.1% (25/32) 81.3% (26/32) 90.6% (29/32) serous 19 94.7% (18/19) 89.5% (17/19) 78.9% (15/19) 94.7% (18/19) mucinous 7 42.9% (3/7) 28.6% (2/7) 71.4% (5/7) 85.7% (6/7) endometr. 3  100% (3/3)  100% (3/3)  100% (3/3)  100% (3/3) clear cell 3  100% (3/3)  100% (3/3)  100% (3/3) 67.7% (2/3)

EXAMPLE 10

Antisense PUMP-1

PUMP-1 is cloned and expressed in the opposite orientation such that an antisense RNA molecule (SEQ ID No. 28) is produced. For example, the antisense RNA is used to hybridize to the complementary RNA in the cell and thereby inhibit translation of PUMP-1 RNA into protein.

EXAMPLE 11

Peptide Ranking

For vaccine or immune stimulation, individual 9-mers to 11-mers of the PUMP-1 protein were examined to rank the binding of individual peptides to the top 8 haplotypes in the general population (Parker et al., 1994). Table 9 shows the peptide ranking based upon the predicted half-life of each peptide's binding to a particular HLA allele. A larger half-life indicates a stronger association with that peptide and the particular HLA molecule. The PUMP-1 peptides that strongly bind to an HLA allele are putative immunogens and are used to innoculate an individual. TABLE 9 PUMP-1 peptide ranking HLA Type & Predicted SEQ Ranking Start Peptide Dissociation_(1/2) ID No. HLA A0201  1 208 FLYAATHEL 314.455 30  2 134 NMWGKEIPL 128.056 31  3 81 IMQKPRCGV 85.394 32  4 10 CLLPGSLAL 79.041 33  5 60 KEMQKFFGL 59.278 34  6 203 SLGINFLYA 51.916 35  7 73 MLNSRVIEI 40.792 36  8 4 TVLCAVCLL 15.907 37  9 132 ALNMWGKEI 10.433 38 10 109 VTYRIVSYT 7.122 39 11 127 RLVSKALNM 4.968 40 12 154 IMIGFARGA 4.636 41 13 43 YLYDSETKN 4.497 42 14 140 IPLHFRKVV 4.449 43 15 146 KVVWGTADI 3.195 44 16 36 QDYLKRFYL 3.029 45 17 2 RLTVLCAVC 2.037 46 18 201 GSSLGINFL 1.764 47 19 70 ITGMLNSRV 1.642 48 20 205 GINFLYAAT 1.537 49 HLA A0205  1 4 TVLCAVCLL 84.000 50  2 208 FLYAATHEL 63.000 51  3 60 KEMQKFFGL 21.168 52  4 10 CLLPGSLAL 21.000 53  5 134 NMWGKEIPL 21.000 54  6 8 AVCLLPGSL 14.000 55  7 146 KVVWGTADI 6.000 56  8 73 MLNSRVIEI 3.400 57  9 81 IMQKPRCGV 3.400 58 10 66 FGLPITGML 3.150 59 11 147 VVWGTADIM 2.550 60 12 212 ATHELGHSL 2.100 61 13 178 HAFAPGTGL 2.100 62 14 205 GINFLYAAT 2.000 63 15 22 QEAGGMSEL 1.960 64 16 112 RIVSYTRDL 1.680 65 17 167 YPFDGPGNT 1.350 66 18 3 LTVLCAVCL 1.190 67 19 140 IPLHFRKVV 1.020 68 20 109 VTYRIVSYT 1.020 69 HLA A1  1 225 SSDPNAVMY 750.000 70  2 78 VIEIMQKPR 9.000 71  3 198 WTDGSSLGI 6.250 72  4 238 NGDPQNFKL 6.250 73  5 92 VAEYSLFPN 4.500 74  6 35 AQDYLKRFY 3.750 75  7 202 SSLGINFLY 3.750 76  8 46 DSETKNANS 2.700 77  9 87 CGVPDVAEY 2.500 78 10 248 QDDIKGIQK 2.500 79 11 27 MSELQWEQA 1.350 80 12 150 GTADIMIGF 1.250 81 13 123 ITVDRLVSK 1.000 82 14 108 VVTYRIVSY 1.000 83 15 54 SLEAKLKEM 0.900 84 16 163 HGDSYPFDG 0.625 85 17 10 CLLPGSLAL 0.500 86 18 151 TADIMIGFA 0.500 87 19 138 KEIPLHFRK 0.500 88 20 137 GKEIPLHFR 0.450 89 HLA A24  1 115 SYTRDLPHI 50.000 90  2 112 RIVSYTRDL 12.000 91  3 66 FGLPITGML 10.080 92  4 37 DYLKRFYLY 9.000 93  5 51 NANSLEAKL 7.920 94  6 166 SYPFKGPGN 7.500 95  7 10 CLLPGSLAL 7.200 96  8 4 TVLCAVCLL 6.000 97  9 31 QWEQAQDYL 6.000 98 10 3 LTVLCAVCL 6.000 99 11 212 ATHELGHSL 5.760 100 12 238 NGDPQNFKL 5.280 101 13 44 LYDSETKNA 5.000 102 14 235 TYGNGDPQN 5.000 103 15 243 NFKLSQDDI 5.000 104 16 8 AVCLLPGSL 4.800 105 17 12 LPGSLALPL 4.800 106 18 58 KLKEMQKFF 4.800 107 19 201 GSSLGINFL 4.800 108 20 208 FLYAATHEL 4.400 109 HLA B7  1 120 LPHITVDRL 80.000 110  2 12 LPGSLALPL 80.000 111  3 8 AVCLLPGSL 60.000 112  4 84 KPRCGVPDV 40.000 113  5 89 VPDVAEYSL 24.000 114  6 4 TVLCAVCLL 20.000 115  7 178 HAFAPGTGL 18.000 116  8 51 NANSLEAKL 12.000 117  9 212 ATHELGHSL 12.000 118 10 140 IPLHFRKVV 6.000 119 11 147 VVWGTADIM 5.000 120 12 208 FLYAATHEL 4.000 121 13 101 SPKWTSKVV 4.000 122 14 10 CLLPGSLAL 4.000 123 15 3 LTVLCAVCL 4.000 124 16 201 GSSLGINFL 4.000 125 17 134 NMWGKEIPL 4.000 126 18 112 RIVSYTRDL 4.000 127 19 125 VDRLVSKAL 4.000 128 20 66 FGLPITGML 4.000 129 HLA B8  1 134 NMWGKEIPL 4.000 130  2 56 EAKLKEMQK 3.200 131  3 101 SPKWTSKVV 2.400 132  4 73 MLNSRVIEI 2.000 133  5 84 KPRCGVPDV 1.200 134  6 127 RLVSKALNM 1.000 135  7 105 TSKVVTYRI 1.000 136  8 51 NANSLEAKL 0.800 137  9 12 LPGSLALPL 0.800 138 10 120 LPHITVDRL 0.800 139 11 178 HAFAPGTGL 0.800 140 12 54 SLEAKLKEM 0.400 141 13 10 CLLPGSLAL 0.400 142 14 208 FLYAATHEL 0.400 143 15 125 VDRLVSKAL 0.400 144 16 158 FARGAHGDS 0.400 145 17 36 QDYLKRFYL 0.400 146 18 212 ATHELGHSL 0.300 147 19 116 YTRDLPHIT 0.300 148 20 62 MQKFFGLPI 0.300 149 HLA B2702  1 159 ATGAHGDSY 200.000 150  2 30 LQWEQAQDY 100.00 151  3 196 ERWTDGSSL 90.000 152  4 40 KRFYLYDSE 30.000 153  5 1 MRLTVLCAV 20.000 154  6 144 FRKVVWGTA 20.000 155  7 117 TRDLPHITV 20.000 156  8 134 NMWGKEIPL 7.500 157  9 96 SLFPNSPKW 7.500 158 10 62 MQKFFGLPI 6.000 159 11 35 AQDYLKRFY 6.000 160 12 208 FLYAATHEL 4.500 161 13 76 SRVIEIMQK 4.000 162 14 126 DRLVSKALN 3.000 163 15 60 KEMQKFFGL 2.700 164 16 58 KLKEMQKFF 2.700 165 17 256 KLYGKRSNS 2.250 166 18 85 PRCGVPDVA 2.000 167 19 111 YRIVSYTRD 2.000 168 20 178 HAFAPGTGL 1.500 169 HLA B4403  1 87 CGVPDVAEY 36.000 170  2 202 SSLGINFLY 27.000 171  3 79 IEIMQKPRC 20.000 172  4 60 KEMQKFFGL 18.000 173  5 225 SSDPNAVMY 18.000 174  6 47 SETKNANSL 12.000 175  7 195 DERWTDGSS 12.000 176  8 214 HELGHSLGM 12.000 177  9 22 QEAGGMSEL 12.000 178 10 249 DDIKGIQKL 11.250 179 11 93 AEYSLFPNS 8.000 180 12 138 KEIPLHFRK 6.000 181 13 184 TGLGGDAHF 3.000 182 14 200 DGSSLGINF 3.000 183 15 35 AQDYLKRFY 3.000 184 16 34 QAQDYLKRF 2.250 185 17 30 LQWEQAQDY 2.250 186 18 250 DIKGIQKLY 2.025 187 19 150 GTADIMIGF 2.000 188 20 37 DYLKRFYLY 1.800 189

EXAMPLE 12

PUMP-1 Peptides as Target Epitopes for Human CD8⁺ Cytotoxic T Cells

Two computer programs were used to identify 9-mer peptides containing binding motifs for HLA class I molecules. The first, based on a scheme devised by Parker et al (1994), was developed by the Bioinformatics and Molecular Analysis Section (BIMAS) of the Center for Information Technology, NIH, and the second, known as SYFPEITHI, was formulated by Rammensee and colleagues at the University of Tubingen, Germany.

Peptides that possessed HLA A2.1 binding motifs were synthesized and tested directly for their ability to bind HLA A2.1. This technique employs T2 cells which are peptide transporter-deficient and thus express low endogenous HLA class I levels due to inability to load peptide and stabilize HLA class I folding for surface expression. It has been showed that addition of exogenous peptides capable of binding HLA A2.1 (A*0201) could increase the number of properly folded HLA A2.1 molecules on the cell surface, as revealed by flow cytometry (Nijman et al, 1993).

Peptides that possessed binding motifs for HLA class I molecules other than A2.1 can be tested directly for their ability to induce specific CD8⁺ CTL responses from normal adult donors as described below.

Monocyte-derived DC were generated from peripheral blood drawn from normal adult donors of the appropriate HLA type. Adherent monocytes were cultured in AIM-V (Gibco-BRL) supplemented with GM-CSF and IL-4 according to standard techniques (Santin et al, 2000, 2001). After 5-6 days, DC maturation was induced by addition of PGE₂, IL-1b and TNFa for a further 48 h.

Mature DC were loaded with peptide (2×10⁶ DC with 50 mg/ml peptide in 1 ml serum-free AIM-V medium for 2 h at 37° C.) and washed once prior to culture with 1×10⁶/ml peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in AIM-V or AIM-V plus 5% human AB serum. The PBMC:DC ratio was between 20:1 and 30:1. After 7 days, responder T cells were restimulated with peptide-loaded, irradiated autologous DC or PBMC at responder:stimulator ratios between 10:1 and 20:1 or 1:1 and 1:10 respectively. At this point, cultures were supplemented with recombinant human IL-2 (10-100 U/ml), and fed with 50-75% changes of fresh medium plus IL-2 every 2-4 days. T cell lines were established and maintained by peptide restimulation every 14-21 days. Responder CD8⁺ T cells were purified by positive selection with anti-CD8-coupled magnetic beads (Dynal, Inc.) after the 2^(nd) or 3^(rd) antigen stimulation.

Peptide-specific cytotoxicity was tested in standard 5-6 h microwell ⁵¹Cr-release assays (Nazaruk et al, 1998). Autologous EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL) were loaded with peptide (50 mg/ml, 1 h at 37° C.) and subsequently ⁵¹Cr-labeled (50 mCi in 200-300 ml, 1 h at 37° C.). Peptide-loaded ⁵¹Cr-labeled LCL were incubated with CD8⁺ T cells at effector-target ration between 20:1 and 5:1. Cytotoxicity was recorded as percentage ⁵¹Cr released into culture supernatants.

PUMP-1 peptide 208-216 (SEQ ID No. 51) is an HLA A*0201-binding peptide, as revealed by upregulation of A*0201 expression in T2 cells (data not shown). CD8⁺ CTL specific for PUMP-1 208-216 killed peptide-loaded autologous LCL, but did not kill control, peptide-free LCL (FIG. 22). Heterologous HLA A*0201-expressing peptide-loaded LCL were efficiently killed, but targets lacking HLA A*0201 as well as natural killer-sensitive K562 cells were not killed.

FIG. 23 shows stimulation of T cell proliferation by full-length PUMP-1 protein. Accordingly, a person having ordinary skill in this art would recognize the use of the full length PUMP-1 protein to produce immune-activated cells directed toward PUMP-1 (matrix metalloprotease 7), e.g., by exposing immune cells to a PUMP-1 protein (or fragment thereof) as well as a method of vaccinating an individual against PUMP-1, e.g., by inoculating an individual with a PUMP-1 protein or fragment thereof. 

1. A method for detecting malignant hyperplasia in a biological sample, comprising the steps of: (a) isolating mRNA from said sample; and (b) detecting PUMP-1 (matrix metalloprotease 7) mRNA in said sample, wherein the presence of said PUMP-1 mRNA in said sample is indicative of the presence of malignant hyperplasia, wherein the absence of said PUMP-1 mRNA in said sample is indicative of the absence of malignant hyperplasia.
 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of: comparing said PUMP-1 mRNA to reference information, wherein said comparison provides a diagnosis of said malignant hyperplasia.
 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of: comparing said PUMP-1 mRNA to reference information, wherein said comparison determines a treatment of said malignant hyperplasia.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein said detection of said PUMP-1 mRNA is by PCR amplification.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein said PCR amplification uses primers selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID No. 16 and SEQ ID No.
 17. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein said biological sample is selected from the group consisting of blood, urine, saliva, tears, interstitial fluid, ascites fluid, tumor tissue biopsy and circulating tumor cells.
 7. A method of inhibiting expression of endogenous PUMP-1 (matrix metalloprotease 7) in a cell, comprising the step of: introducing into said cell a vector comprising a PUMP-1 gene operably linked in opposite orientation to elements necessary for expression, wherein expression of said vector in said cell produces PUMP-1 antisense mRNA that hybridizes to endogenous PUMP-1 mRNA, thereby inhibiting expression of endogenous PUMP-1 in said cell.
 8. A method of inhibiting PUMP-1 (matrix metalloprotease 7) protein in a cell, comprising the step of: introducing into said cell an antibody which is specific for a PUMP-1 protein or a fragment thereof, wherein binding of said antibody to said PUMP-1 protein or a fragment thereof inhibits PUMP-1 protein in said cell.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein said PUMP-1 protein fragment is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID Nos. 30, 31, 32, 33, 50, 51, 70, 110, 111, 150, 151 and
 152. 10. A method of targeted therapy to an individual, comprising the step of: administering a compound to an individual, wherein said compound has a therapeutic moiety and a targeting moiety specific for PUMP-1 (matrix metalloprotease 7).
 11. The method of claim 10, wherein said targeting moiety is selected from the group consisting of an antibody specific for PUMP-1 and a ligand or ligand binding domain that binds PUMP-1.
 12. The method of claim 10, wherein said therapeutic moiety is selected from the group consisting of a radioisotope, a toxin, a chemotherapeutic agent, an immune stimulant and a cytotoxic agent.
 13. The method of claim 10, wherein said individual suffers from a cancer selected from the group consisting of ovarian cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer and colon cancer.
 14. A method of vaccinating an individual against PUMP-1 (matrix metalloprotease 7), comprising the step of: inoculating an individual with a PUMP-1 protein or fragment thereof, wherein said inoculation with said PUMP-1 protein or fragment thereof elicits an immune response in said individual, thereby vaccinating said individual against PUMP-1.
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein said individual has cancer, is suspected of having cancer or is at risk of getting cancer.
 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the length of said hepsin fragment is from 9-residue long to 20-residue long.
 17. The method of claim 16, wherein said 9-residue fragment is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID Nos. 30, 31, 32, 33, 50, 51, 70, 110, 111, 150, 151 and
 152. 18. A method of producing immune-activated cells directed toward PUMP-1 (matrix metalloprotease 7), comprising the steps of: exposing immune cells to a PUMP-1 protein or fragment thereof, wherein said exposure to said PUMP-1 protein or fragment thereof activates said immune cells, thereby producing immune-activated cells directed toward PUMP-1.
 19. The method of claim 18, wherein said immune cells are selected from the group consisting of B cells, T cells and dendritic cells.
 20. The method of claim 18, wherein the length of said hepsin fragment is from 9-residue long to 20-residue long.
 21. The method of claim 20, wherein said 9-residue fragment is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID Nos. 30, 31, 32, 33, 50, 51, 70, 110, 111, 150, 151 and
 152. 22. The method of claim 19, wherein said dendritic cells are isolated from an individual prior to said exposure, wherein said activated dendritic cells are reintroduced into said individual subsequent to said exposure.
 23. The method of claim 22, wherein said individual has a cancer, is suspected of having a cancer or is at risk of getting a cancer.
 24. An oligonucleotide having a sequence complementary to SEQ ID No.
 29. 25. A composition comprising the oligonucleotide of claim 24 and a physiologically acceptable carrier.
 26. A method of treating a neoplastic state in an individual in need of such treatment, comprising the step of: administering to said individual an effective dose of the oligonucleotide of claim
 24. 27. The method of claim 26, wherein said neoplastic state is selected from the group consisting of ovarian cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, colon cancer and prostate cancer.
 28. A method of screening for compounds that inhibit PUMP-1 (matrix metalloprotease 7) activity, comprising the steps of: (a) contacting a sample comprising PUMP-1 protein with a compound; and (b) assaying for PUMP-1 protease activity, wherein a decrease in said PUMP-1 protease activity in the presence of said compound relative to PUMP-1 protease activity in the absence of said compound indicates said compound inhibits PUMP-1 activity. 